Prof.Wayne Dunn on CSR

There has been a lot of talk about the obsolescence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) – what do you think?

I wanted to say that I think the talk is rubbish, but really I believe it is because the phrase CSR is used to describe an increasingly broad and diverse set of activities. I don’t agree with this broadening of the definition. I believe that CSR is about finding alignment between corporate interests and community and other local interests; finding ways to concurrently create value for local stakeholders, shareholders and others, while simultaneously respecting the environment. How can that ever be obsolete? Companies and communities that take a mutually beneficial value creation (rather than philanthropic) approach to CSR will find exciting and sustainable ways to collaborate – and that will never become obsolete.

What is key about the value-creation approach to CSR is to be creative about finding those actions and projects that can be beneficial for companies, communities and others, and to systematically manage them. And, at the same time, be open to ways to maximize the value to all. CSR isn’t a zero-sum game. Increasing the value to community stakeholders shouldn’t simply be equated to spending more on the company’s part, it is about the community receiving more value.
This is obviously a much longer discussion but what is crucial to systematically achieving this sort of value-centric approach to CSR is to apply the same rigour to evaluating and managing CSR as a company does to its normal capital and operating investments. This forces managers to focus on more efficient ways of delivering value to local stakeholders and improves both the company’s return on that investment and the overall value received by the community.

Why does it appear to be so hard for communities and mining companies to collaborate?

The simplistic answer is because their approaches are too narrow and self-interested and too rooted in looking backwards. I believe the path to fostering more mutually beneficial collaboration between mining companies and communities is for both parties to be open and look for creative opportunities where their respective interests can be served by collaboration. I have worked on over 35 mining and community projects on every continent and in nearly every situation; from the Amazon to the Arctic, from Africa to Papua New Guinea, from the Andes to Eurasia. I have yet to see one where there wasn’t an opportunity for mutually beneficial collaboration. I have seen somewhere this wasn’t realized, but it was because one or both parties were unwilling to let go of a narrow, self-interested, historically focused, way of thinking about and seeing the other party.

How can we be respectful of indigenous peoples and communities vis-a-vis the productive use of their land?

Say please. Say thank you. Listen. Don’t be defensive or aggressive. Spend time getting to know them as people and as a Peoples. Be open. Recognize and respect that every please will not get an immediate yes. Be a good neighbour. Recognize that relationships and trust take time. Accept that your timeframe is not necessarily their timeframe. And, of course, focus on mutually beneficial value creation opportunities (but, get to know them well enough to begin to understand that their value framework may be different than yours – this may actually create an opportunity for even more efficient value creation). Another good thing is to learn about successful partnerships and relationships.

How can our Canada be a leader in the area of CSR?

We have led, but I have not looked closely enough to know if we are a now leader. Certainly, some Canadian companies have been CSR leaders. A project I developed with Placer Dome was the first private sector company to ever win a World Bank Development Innovation Award (for a CSR project on mining and HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa). There have been other successes and there have also been abysmal failures.Over the past years the Canadian Government has been making serious efforts to both promote progressive CSR practices and raise the minimum standards of corporate conduct in this area. Many companies are also stepping up and working to address the issue in a meaningful way. But, other companies are lagging behind.

Four Strategies for Local Content Success

By Prof Wayne Dunn
Local content has emerged as one of the most pressing issues facing business in emerging markets. Rightfully so.


Planned and executed properly, local content is the most sustainable and the most cost-effective mechanism for delivering value into local communities and economies.

It has the best local value to investment ratio (ROI) and even when done poorly it can have significant positive impacts.

Effective local content strategies have two focus areas that are common across industries and geographies.  These are employment and procurement.

Get them right and your project has the foundation for a strong and resilient social license.  Local employment and procurement can also be a key component of your project’s overall economic viability.

Get them wrong and your project will struggle with social and community issues and, quite often, overall project viability.

Developing local employment and local procurement is one of the best leveraged CSR investments that a company can make.  Think about it.

The jobs have to be filled.  The goods and services have to be procured.  If they aren’t procured locally then very little of the money from them will circulate in the local economy.

If they are procured locally then virtually all of the money circulates in the local economy and has a significant multiplier effect.

Even if local content creates additional costs the socio-economic impact derived from those extra costs represent a significant return on that investment because they are leveraged by the overall employment and procurement spending.  

And, often there aren’t extra costs or the additional costs are front-loaded and the benefits last over the life of the project.

If a project isn’t maximizing local employment and procurement then it will be bringing in more outsiders.  This costs extra and can increase community tension beyond the lost employment and contracts.  (Think of an influx of single young men coming to work at a project site and the impact on local families and communities).

Successful local content strategies can not only result in strong local relationships, they can also help with a project and company’s relationship with local and national governments and regulators as well as with developmental and advocacy NGOs.

But, success is not easy

Common constraints that must be overcome to have success with local content include:

·         Projects are often based in remote locations with little or no experience with industrial employment or even salaried employment of any kind.

·         Levels of literacy are low and household economies are often subsistence based.

·         There is little or no effective infrastructure to provide training and support to assist potential workers with the transition to industrial employment.

·         Local businesses and prospective entrepreneurs lack the skills and experience to be effective providers of goods and services.  This includes both technical skills and business management skills.

·         There are no economic vehicles in the local economy that can enable effective participation in the larger contracts and opportunities.

Locally owned businesses lack the financial, operational and management capacity to compete for larger contracts, even with extensive support and assistance from the project/company.

The bulk of the overall value of contracts for goods and services cannot be broken down to a size that can be digested by local businesses and entrepreneurs.

This means that by default the local economy is effectively prohibited from participating in the lion’s share of opportunities other than as sub-contractors.

·         Programs to facilitate local content development are under-resourced and focus on short-term impacts rather than the structural issues that inhibit optimization of local content.

Below are four strategies that can help achieve local content success.

They probably won’t all work all of the time.  And some may have no applicability to your particular project or venture.

But, you may find some useful, or they may stimulate you to think of other strategies and approaches for optimizing local content.

1.       Think Cap Ex when budgeting
Developing and implementing successful local content programs isn’t cheap.  Getting to success often means overcoming significant gaps in skills and capacity, and sometimes requires development of organizational and institutional infrastructure.  This can be costly and time-consuming, yet can provide valuable long-term results.

Investments in local content development pay back over the life of the project.  Yet most budgets treat them as operating expenses, not capital expenses.  Why?

In my experience it is mostly because nobody has challenged finance and accounting on how they are treated.  But, it does make a difference.  And it should be treated as a capital expense.  The payback is over time, generally over life of project.

When local content development is treated as an operating expense it is generally under-resourced and focused too much on short-term rather than life of project impacts.

There is a strong case to be made for including local content development budgets early on in a project’s overall capital budget.  This can provide the resources and the time-frame to make it work effectively and will pay off handsomely over the life of the project.

2.       Development Corporations
The scale of most procurement opportunities is simply beyond the financial, operational and organizational capacity of local businesses and economic institutions.

Local businesses are simply unable to scale so as to take advantage of the opportunities the project presents.  And, if they were given them they would not have the capacity to manage them effectively.

This was a challenge faced by many Indigenous communities in Canada.

Development of major industries and projects on their traditional lands meant that there were large contracting and business development opportunities available to them.  But, their local businesses and economic structures did not have the scale to take advantage of them.  The opportunities and benefits went to outside providers.

A development corporation model evolved over time and proved to be very successful at enabling local capacity to bid on major contracts and activities.

In the development corporation model geographic or tribal based populations come together and form for profit development corporations that are collectively owned.  They are able to operate at a scale whereby they can engage professional management and be better able to meet the needs of modern industry.

In many cases development corporations would recognize that the scale of the contracting opportunity was so large that they needed to bring in additional operational and financial expertise.  This was often accomplished via joint-venturing with firms that could bring the missing pieces to the opportunity and supplement the strategic local content advantage that development corporations had.

Kitsaki Development Corporation – Local Content Success Story

An early example of using a development corporation approach is the Kitsaki Development Corporation, a business development vehicle created by the Lac La Ronge Indian Band in northern Saskatchewan, Canada.

Kitsaki Development Corporation is an successful example of a development corporation being used to overcome gaps and issues that inhibit local content success

The regulatory structure that was put in place to enable the development of the Uranium industry in northern Saskatchewan sought to facilitate local content development.  One of the ways it did this was to put in place a requirement that local content providers be given a specific bid preference.

Kitsaki used this preference, along with a well-executed joint-venture strategy to secure an initial contract.  It has used that strategy across a range of focused opportunities and created a venture with annual turnover in the ½ billion dollar range. The Lac La Ronge Indian Band used a Development Corporation (Kitsaki) and a strategic partnership approach to create NRT Trucking and capture a major transportation contract from a local mine.  Using the same tactics they have grown Kitsaki into a substantial economic force, generating many hundreds of jobs and contract opportunities for band members and significant revenues and profit

In the mid-1980s the bulk transportation contract was coming up for Key Lake Mine.  Kitsaki recognized the opportunity and also recognized that while it had a local content advantage, it did not have operational experience in the bulk transport business.

Kitsaki, which had astute professional management, sought out a partner that could bring the missing pieces to the venture.  It partnered with Trimac Transportation, the largest bulk transport firm in North America.

The Jt Venture that was created, Northern Resource Trucking, which was 51% owned by Kitsaki, went on to become the largest bulk transport business in Northern Saskatchewan and today provides services to industry and communities across the region.

Kitsaki used a similar approach to take advantage of other strategic opportunities in the local and regional economy.  See more here.

This development corporation and joint venture model has proven very successful for many Indigenous communities and tribal organizations across Canada and the United States.

A key to the sustainable success of development corporations is a strategic approach that leverages local content advantages and meets the needs of industry and other markets, often through partnerships and joint ventures.

An equally important key is effective governance and political management that give the development corporation operational space and keeps it free from political interference and manipulation.

3.       Pre-employment training
Advertise for entry level workers at a remote project and you are overwhelmed with applications.  And, the process of sifting through them is inefficient, often bringing in poorly suited applicants and leaving better suited ones off the list.

Some applicants find that the structure of industrial employment and its impact on family and life simply doesn’t fit for them.  In other cases, immersion in a structured institutional setting can bring out traits that were not evident during the screening and hiring process

Too often the end result is high turnover of employees and frustration on the part of employees, managers and the company.

A well-structured pre-employment training program can address these issues.  It can dramatically reduce turnover and provide the broader community with enhanced life-skills and livelihood potential.

It works by establishing a short-term program (typically 6-12 weeks) where a pool of prospective employees are brought into a program that prepares them for industrial employment and helps them to determine if industrial employment is for them.

The program typically consists of a range of components that are directly and indirectly related to the anticipated employment.

They include elements related to the lifestyle transition that often accompanies a move from a subsistence lifestyle to salaried industrial employment.  Some of the programming, such as household financial literacy and household economic transition involve spouses and sometimes children.

At the end of the pre-employment training the trainees have a much better sense of what all is involved in industrial employment and whether that is a fit for them and their families.
Pre-employment training helps companies to know prospective employees better and to make smarter hiring decisions.  It also helps prospective employees to understand whether industrial employment is a fit for them.  Even those that don’t move into industrial employment leave the program with valuable life and livelihood skills.


Pre-employment training gives employers the opportunity to know prospective employees over a much longer time-frame and across broader range of situations.

At the conclusion of the program those deemed the most suitable for industrial employment go into a pre-screened pool that the company can select from when it next needs to hire new workers.  This pool can also be made available to contractors and others, helping to improve secondary and tertiary level local content success.

The end result is that those who are hired and brought on board are much more likely to stay and succeed.  A big cost saving for the company, big value for the local economy and a big frustration avoider for all!

Even those that are not brought into the pre-screened pool benefit. They have learned new skills and are better positioned to secure other employment or develop alternative livelihoods.

In many cases pre-employment training can be undertaken by more than one project.

4.       Invest in education and training institutions
The skills, attitude and expertise gap between where local workers are at and where they need to be can be huge.

Especially when the local content strategy is focused beyond simply bringing in entry level workers and instead has a target of seeing local employees at all levels and across all functions in the organization.

There is a need for effective education and training programs to systematically bridge gaps and help both employees and employers.

While it may seem simpler to either do the training in-house or bring in outside experts to do the training, this can be a short-sighted approach with longer term costs.

Most times there are local polytechnics and other local training institutions.  And often they don’t have the capacity to develop and deliver the type of training needed and at the quality level required.Investing in creating the local capacity to develop and deliver effective skills training can pay dividends over the life of a project. Partnerships between local skills training institutions and their more developed international counterparts can help ensure a steady supply of local workers with the required skills AND develop the capacity for the local institution to provide a range of other pragmatic skills and livelihood related programming.

Local training institutions are local content too.

Rather than simply pass by the local institutions in favour of bringing in a qualified institution or instructor, or even doing it in-house, companies should carefully consider investing in developing local training capacity.

This would include facilitating partnerships between local training institutions and international partners who can help them to both develop and deliver effective programming to meet current requirements, and develop the institutional capacity to do so in the future.Facilitating partnerships between local training and educational institutions and highly experienced international counterparts can help create short term solutions AND put in place longer-term local skills training capacity

While this may be slightly slower and more expensive in the short term, the improved local capacity will pay many dividends, including lower costs later on and an improved local capacity to train people for a range of livelihoods and skills (thus reducing dependency on the dominant industrial employer in a region).

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These four strategies are no guarantee of success.  Local content is not an easy puzzle to solve.  But, following those strategies that can apply effectively to your project can help improve your chances of success, and can make a huge difference for local families and communities and, ultimately, your shareholders.

Mining schools hi tech in CSR

By Prof. Wayne Dunn


Dirty, ugly mining has lessons for Hi Tech!

And Hi Tech should pay attention or it could feel the pain that mining felt when it started getting slammed by a rising tidal wave of social performance expectations.

The mining industry has become relatively good at figuring out how to organize itself to create local benefits and value as a by-product of its core business operations.

In general mining goes beyond simply meeting regulatory requirements on environment, labour, safety, etc. and is actually creating additional value for local communities through targeted development programs and efforts.

From working with local agricultural producers, to supporting alternative economic opportunities for women to general education and health programming and across a wide-range of other social value areas, the mining industry is reaching out to support people and families in the communities near its operations.

Of course, it is far from perfect and one doesn’t have to look far to find where it has come up short. But, what is important here is that there are many places where it is succeeding and having meaningful impacts on people, families and communities.

What does this have to do with hi tech? Lots.

In general the hi tech industry has been paying increasing attention to its supply chain. To materials sourcing and to the labour, environmental and human rights practices in its supply chain.

This isn’t easy with supply chains spread throughout developed and developing economies and across a range of national regulatory frameworks.

In many countries the national regulations governing environment, labour standards, health, safety and human rights are below what the hi tech industry’s consumers would consider appropriate.

Many companies have acted to set their own standards in these areas to guide their employees, contractors, sub-contractors and others in their supply chain, essentially establishing a private regulatory framework.

Managing compliance throughout this diffuse network and across its linguistic, cultural and economic diversity is challenging to say the least. Often the marketplace expectations that drive this private regulatory framework are totally foreign to the people and organizations being asked to apply them.

And now, in the midst of this challenge, more is coming!

Soon companies will be held accountable for a broader social performance expectation. In addition to meeting global expectations on materials sourcing, health, safety, labour standards, environment and human rights companies will be expected to create social value in the communities in which their supply chain activities take place.

This is where mining has lessons that can be helpful. Those companies that want to lead, rather than be driven to meet these emerging social value creation expectations should take a close look at what happened in the mining industry.

The mining industry’s movement to support social value and development was often driven by painful pressures from NGOs, communities and the global public.

As society became more focused on social and environmental performance (starting roughly in the 1990s) the mining industry was an early and relatively easy target. It had:

Large, highly visible and concentrated environmental footprint

Legacy of less than stellar environmental performance (some would say terrible)

Legacy of social disruption

And the industry wasn’t really prepared to handle the pressure for increased social performance.

Some balked and resisted. Many of those lost market cap and even valuable projects as that elusive ‘social license’ evaporated when they were unable to effectively deal with growing social demands on their projects and activities.

But some have thrived. Some adapted well and have learned to integrate local value creation into their projects and activities.

Today leading mining companies are routinely involved in a wide-ranging suite of social, economic and environmental activities aimed at making life better in the communities in which they operate.

These activities go far beyond mining and encompass a range of health, education, economic/poverty alleviation, agriculture, environment, gender and other activities.

The major themes of the mining industry’s social value added activities are nearly perfectly aligned with the global development community’s focus areas as defined by the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals.

Hi tech companies have two choices in the face of the emerging expectations to create social value as a result of its supply chain activities.

They can sit back and wait for the pressures to develop further and respond later as pressures build.

Or, they can be proactive and get out ahead of the curve.

For those wanting to get out ahead of the curve the lessons learned in the mining industry can be valuable.

It's the value, stupid: 11 tools to boost the business case for CSR

Natural CSR Partnerships - Unnatural Partners

By Prof. Wayne Dunn

Multi-sector CSR partnerships can drive organizational successes and value creation. Yet why do so many fail to start or start and fail?

Natural Partnerships – Unnatural Partners. Business, NGOs and development agencies might have natural partnership opportunities but organizational history and the often conflicting perspectives of internal and external stakeholders can make these partnerships hard to realize. Far too often they start and fail, or even fail to start.The private sector is playing an increasingly important role in development. Companies from all sectors, including especially the extractive and fast-moving consumer goods sectors, are investing in development initiatives in areas such as education, health, poverty alleviation and livelihoods, environment, gender equality and overall development partnerships.

These businesses strive to positively impact these areas at the community, local and national levels, recognizing that doing so is good for their business in many ways (or else why would they do it) and also good for the communities and countries in which they work.

The impact areas of these private sector social responsibility investments closely maps the impact areas outlined in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and anticipated impact areas of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The MDGs and SDGs serve to guide the development activities of the member countries of the United Nations and the vast majority of development NGOs and organizations. Every member country approved the MDGs at a special Millennium Session of the United Nations. Official Development Agencies (ODA), national governments, multi-lateral and international organizations and NGOs focus development efforts on MDG/SDG focus areas such as education, health, poverty alleviation and livelihoods, environment and gender equality

While the various private, public and civil society organizations noted above approach development with a focus on common areas and themes, they often bring unique skills, experience and capacities to the work. Coupled with the natural diversity of their organizations this should/could add a lot of value to development efforts.

In many cases this focus on common themes and areas appear complimentary and synergistic, at first glance, would seem to naturally invite partnerships and collaboration and the various sectors (e.g., ODA agencies, private sector companies, NGOs, etc.) even have stated goals of collaborating with each other in support of their development efforts.

Simple logic would suggest that collaboration would result in efficiencies and more and better development impact per dollar spent or effort expended for all parties.

That government, NGOs and industry would see a more and better impact for their spending and their efforts.


Yet, the reality is that, while there are notable exceptions, this collaboration is not easy to achieve.

Natural Partnerships are too often held back by seemingly unnatural partners

Whether on an individual project level or a strategic organizational level these natural partnership opportunities too often do not result in effective partnerships. Value is lost for the organizations involved but the real price is paid by their community partners who do not receive the full impact that they could have received had these natural partners found an effective way to collaborate.



Partnerships that fail to start or start and fail cost companies, communities, governments, NGOs and all stakeholders

The good news is that progress is being made. There is increasing collaboration amongst business, NGOs and development agencies.

ODA Agencies such as Germany’s GIZ, America’s USAID, Canada’s DFATD (formerly CIDA) and many others are developing and implementing programs that enable co-investing in development with private sector partners.

NGOs such as Care, World Vision, WUSC, Cordaid and many others are actively working to find productive ways of partnering with industry on CSR and development programs.

Companies such as Golden Star, Kosmos, Tullow, Newmont, Kinross, IAMGold and many others are working with NGOs and development agencies.

There are some great examples of success – for example see From Pariah to Exemplar: CSR & Stakeholder Engagement in Six Best Practices (here) for an analysis of a 2001 CIDA, Placer Dome, World Bank and various NGO partnership that was credited with ‘changing the social face of the South African mining industry’.

An early success and yet, the progress is, in my opinion, too slow.

Development Agencies often have approval and operational criteria that is slow, cumbersome and makes the cost of the partnership way too high.

NGOs too often struggle with fully embracing the value of partnering with the private sector and communicating that value effectively to their internal and external stakeholders, including especially individual and organizational donors.

Businesses struggle to accept and adapt to the execution speed, launch processes and reporting requirements of ODA agencies and NGO partners.

Much more can be done, and should be done.

How Ghana can become "The Norway of Africa" using her oil resources

(This paper was submitted By Francis Xavier Tuokuu as part of his course work at the Robert Gordon University, UK)                                                                      

INTRODUCTION

A healthy nation is a productive nation without which there will be huge economic cost to the nation as several amounts will be spent in taking care of sick labour force (Davis et al. 2005).

Natural resource management remains an issue in resource rich countries: it widens the gap between the rich and the poor, and makes citizens of those countries doubt the benefits and distribution effects of these resources.

The energy sector in Ghana has a crucial role to play in helping to improve Ghana’s health sector. This report will explore how that can be done to make Ghana the ‘Norway of Africa’ because Norway is often cited as one of the countries in the world with the best health system and one of the most equal countries in terms of income disparities among her people. The study will give a brief geographical location of Ghana and identify some of the resources available in the country especially energy resources.

It will also explain the concept of health and health inequality and then offer a brief overview of the health situation in Ghana. Afterwards, it will proceed to do a detailed discussion on how the energy sector can help solve some of Ghana’s health challenges drawing experiences from oil rich nations especially Norway and Nigeria. The report will base on examples from other countries and offer systemic, measurable, attainable, realistic and time (SMART) bound recommendations so that the ‘Dutch Disease’ commonly associated with oil rich nations does not occur in Ghana.

GHANA’S LOCATION AND RESOURSE AVAILABILITY

Ghana before independence was known as the Gold Coast because of her abundant gold reserves and mineral resources. Ghana gained independence on 6th March, 1957 from Great Britain and thus became the first Sub-Saharan African country to gain independence. Within the British colonial empire, Ghana was one of the first British colonies worldwide to gain independence after countries such as Egypt and India.

After an erratic political cycle, Ghana finally found her true democratic bearing in 1992 and since moved on to become one of the most stable democracies in a continent replete with so many failed and autocratic states. Summing these, Ghana can best be described as a resource-rich democracy. Geographically, the country to the north shares boundaries with Burkina Faso, to the east is Togo, to the west is La Cote d’ ivoire and to the south is the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean). It has ten administrative regions with 212 decentralised districts.

According to the 2010 Population and Housing Census, Ghana’s population is estimated at 24,233,432, with a growth rate of about 2.40% (GSS 2011).

Ghana discovered oil in 2007 and is going to experience the oil kiss of fortune – for better, for worse. This has put Ghana once again on the international spotlight (Okpanachi  & Andrews 2012). The excitement is gone past fever pitch as the whole nation is gripped with the prospects of getting rich from oil revenues. Her first oil export from the Jubilee oilfield was in January 2011 (Okpanachi & Andrews 2012).

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) reports that Ghana is likely to obtain an estimated amount of $20 billion as oil revenue from the period of 2012–2030 (IMF 2008) cited in (Okpanachi & Andrews 2012). This is certainly good news for Ghana as the revenue derived from oil proceeds if managed well will help transform all the sectors of the economy particularly the health sector so that Ghana could become the ‘Norway of Africa’.

CONCEPTUALIZING HEALTH

The concept of health is not easy to define, as it is multi-dimensional. It is not just the state of biological well-being of a person (Yuil 200x). The World Health Organisation (WHO) in 1947 at a conference in New York offered a definition of health stating, ‘‘health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’’ (Chris 200x). This definition of health has been contested and has led to various contrasting views among scholars. Some argue that it is not clear what WHO meant by ‘‘complete’’, ‘‘physical’’, ‘‘social’’, ‘‘well-being’’, ‘‘disease’’ and ‘‘infirmity’’ and called on the world body to offer further explanation of these concepts (Ananth 2008) in order to give a clearer explanation of health.

Ananth (2008) notes how this inadequate definition of health has led to the emergence of different schools of thought including the naturalists and normativists concepts of health.

Inequality in health is another issue worth mentioning because it has been a major concern to many governments, the world over (Gwatkin 2000). Health inequality is real in both high income and low income countries. It has been noted that as one moves from the social ladder from the bottom to the top, the health of the person improves (Dahl 2002) and this according to Dahl (2002) is called ‘‘challenge of the gradient’’.

This concern of health inequality has prompted Ghana to adopt the practice of subsidised health care provision for the entire nation or what is referred to as National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) (Duodu-Acquah et al 2008) in 2005 which replaced the ‘‘cash and carry’’ system (‘‘pay as you go’’).

To improve the health of women and help bridge the gender gap between men and women, free maternal health care was added to the NHIS (GHS 2009).

Inequality according to Wilkinson and Pickett (2009) is divisive and tends to destroy the good relationship in society. The main cause of inequality they argue is due to ‘‘bigger income differences’’

Wilkinson and Pickett (2009) explain why there is the need for equality in health in both developed and developing nations stating ‘‘in societies where income differences between rich and poor are smaller, the statistics show that community life is stronger and more people feel they can trust others. There is also less violence – including lower homicide rates; health tends to be better and life expectancy is higher. In fact most of the problems related to relative deprivation are reduced; prison populations are smaller, teenage birth rates are lower, maths and literacy scores tend to be higher, and there is less obesity’’.

A major concern of the World Health Organisation (WHO) is to reduce health and nutritional problems amongst the world poorest people. In an address in 1999, the Director General of WHO, Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland stated that, ‘‘…there is a need to reduce greatly the burden of excess mortality and morbidity suffered by the poor’’ (Gwatkin 2000).

THE HEALTH STATUS OF GHANA

The Ghana Health Service Annual Report shows an improvement in the health delivery system of the country. According to the report, ‘‘the nurse to patient population ratio has improved from 1:1079 in 2008 to 1:971 in 2009. Out Patient Department (OPD) per capita increased from 0.77 in 2008 to 0.81 in 2009. Tuberculosis (TB) treatment success rate increased from 84/100,000 population in 2007 to 85.5 /100,000 population in 2008. Skilled delivery rate improved nationally from 42.2% in 2008 to 45.6% in 2009. Institutional maternal mortality ratio fell from 199.7/100,000LB in 2008 to 169.9/100,000LB in 2009. Guinea worm cases fell from 501 in 2008 to 242 in 2009. Immunization coverage for measles increased from 86.5% in 2008 to 89.1% in 2009, with Penta 3 coverage moving from 86.6% in 2008 to 89.3% in the year under review’’ (GHS 2009 pp1-67).

Also, infant mortality fell from 81 to 61 per 1000 live births  between 1988 and 1998 which further saw a decline in 2008 (51 per 1000 live births) (Duodu-Acquah et al 2008).This means that there is an overall improvement in Ghana’s health system even though more still need to be done. For example, meningitis cases throughout the country continue to be high (18%) whereas family planning fell from 33.8% in 2008 to 31.1% in 2009 and saw a decline from 97.8% to 92.1% (GHS 2009). HIV/AIDS is another major health issue in Ghana. Even though prevalence rates are far lower when compared to other Sub-Saharan African countries, (Duodu-Acquah et al 2008) notes that 125 people contract the disease on a daily basis.

One problem facing the health sector which is likely to militate against Ghana’s quest to attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is the loss of trained health professionals to countries of the developed world particularly the United Kingdom (Dovlo 2005). This has put a lot of constraint on the already overburdened health sector (Dovlo 2005). He points out that it will be difficult for Sub-Saharan Africa including Ghana to attain the MDGs particularly goals 4, 5, and 6 (reduce child mortality; improve maternal health; combat HIV/AIDS; Malaria and other diseases) partly because of the exodus of health professionals abroad.

In addition to the above challenge is poor environmental sanitation which is responsible for the high increase in morbidity and mortality in Ghana (Duodu-Acquah et al 2010). Malaria, respiratory and diarrheal diseases are commonly associated with such health problems according to the World Health Organisation (Duodu-Acquah et al 2010) and this is unacceptable in a 21st century Ghana.

The World Bank notes that Ghana’s life expectancy in 2007 was 60 years (World Bank 2007) cited in (Duodu-Acquah et al 2010) which rose to 62 by the end of 2010, an improvement from 45 at the time of Ghana’s independence in 1957 (Duodu-Acquah et al 2010).

THE ROLE OF THE ENERGY SECTOR IN MAKING GHANA ‘THE NORWAY OF AFRICA’

The major partners of Ghana’s Jubilee oil as it has been christened include; the Anglo-Irish company Tullow oil (49.95%) of reserves, Kosmos Energy (18%), Anadarko (18%), Subre oil and gas (4.05%) and Ghana National Petroleum (10%) (www.offshore-technology.com cited in (Okpanachi & Andrews 2012). More discoveries are being made almost on a daily basis and this according to experts will in the near future make Ghana a major oil exporter on the African continent.

Mehlum, Moene, and Torvik (2008) argue that ‘‘the variance of growth performance among resource rich countries is primarily due to how resource rents are distributed via the institutional arrangements’’ (246). Therefore, Ghana must strengthen her institutions and equip them with the necessary tools for them to discharge their duties efficiently and effectively so that the mistakes of others are not visited on the country.

It is said that resource abundance tends to create an elitist society (Lam & Wantchekon 2003) meaning society becomes unequal with the rich controlling much of the resources while the poor live without basic necessities of life. Inequality in society leads to poor health (Chris 200x) and this explains why the energy sector must be structured to help Ghana bridge the gap between men and women, rich and poor as well as the north-south dichotomy.

As an emerging oil producing country, Ghana requires new ways of doing things in managing its oil extraction so that the ills and mistakes of oil management policies often associated with countries like Nigeria and other oil rich nations which often lead to riots and destruction of properties and sometimes deaths, does not happen in Ghana (Vertigans 2011) explains how the transnational corporations operating in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria often employ ‘‘colonial tactics such as divide and conquer’’ in their operations. Many people live few metres away from the oil wells in the Niger Delta yet hardly enjoy descent standard of living especially in accessing health care.

One thing Ghana must not do is to make sure that she does not transact her oil deals “with confidentiality clauses” with these transnational oil companies or share her profits among government officials as is often the case in Nigeria (International Crisis Group 2006, 23) but invest that money in infrastructure and the health of the people.

Furthermore, the Scandinavian countries particularly Norway are often mentioned as having high levels of equality and the best health systems in the world (Chris 200x) as a result of their efficient management and prudent investment of their oil revenue in their economies. Ghana must therefore follow the ‘Scandinavian Model’ by investing its oil revenue in the people instead of sending these monies into personal overseas accounts through the connivance of oil companies. The oil companies will do the people of Ghana well if they are transparent and accountable in their dealings with government officials.

Income inequality has been identified by Wilkinson as one of the factors causing health inequality among countries adding that, ‘‘the greater the gap, or greater the inequality between the rich and the poor then the worse those problems are’’ (Chris 200x). Finding solutions to solve income disparities among workers especially between management and employees is what Wilkinson calls economic democracy (Chris 200x). Energy companies should work to improve the income levels of their workers as this will lead to a trickle-down effect on the families which will eventually lead to an improvement in the standard of living of the people, hence quality health.

One point worth considering is that the government of Ghana should institute a law or a directive which will make it mandatory for oil and gas companies to devote a percentage of their oil proceeds to invest in the health of the people as part of their contributions to corporate social responsibility (CSR) or what is referred to as Socially Responsible Investments (SRI). This will go a long way to help improve the health care system of the country.

Norwegian companies are noted for their contributions to the welfare of local communities particularly in their operational areas. It is said that the first institution of higher learning in that country was started by a private company (Carson & Kosberg 2003) cited in (Bull 2003). These are lessons Ghanaian oil companies can learn from and contribute to make the society a better place for not only the benefit of the Ghanaian society but the oil companies as well.

However, (Frynas 2005, 583) argues that “CSR agenda may be inappropriate for addressing social problems in developing countries and may divert attention from broader political, economic and social solutions for such problems”. What he fails to recognise is the fact that business and society are interwoven (Wood 1991). They complement each; it will therefore be irresponsible on the part of energy companies to concentrate in making profits for their shareholders and neglect their stakeholders.

Women’s health is crucial to national development because what affects them affects their families and their societies (Kwapong 2008). Women manage virtually everything in the household, from cooking, taking care of children, and provision of water to making sure that everyone is healthy in the family (Kwapong 2008). Therefore, any attempt to promote the health of a nation must put the woman at the centre of all programmes. A significant amount of oil revenue should be spent on maternal health, women reproductive health and women empowerment as this will go a long way to reduce the factors that militate against women’s health. These programmes can be incorporated into the corporate social responsibility (CSR) of oil companies operating in Ghana.

CONCLUSION

Conclusion could be drawn from the above discussion by stating that Ghana could become the ‘Norway of Africa’ if she manages her oil resources well with the support of the energy companies. The health of the people should be paramount to every government and that is why a lot of investments from a country’s rich natural resources like oil must be committed to solving some of the factors militating against its development. Good health care delivery system should definitely be a topmost priority and the energy sector in Ghana certainly has a role to play in that direction.

From the discussion it is fair to say that Ghana’s health system has seen tremendous improvement since independence judging from the increase in life expectancy which according to the World Bank stood at 62 as at the end of 2010. Despite this, a lot still need to be done especially in retaining most of the trained health professionals to help achieve the MDGs. The report revealed that Ghana has a lot to learn from countries like Nigeria whose energy resources have not translated into wealth and good health for her people. ‘The Norwegian Model’ certainly should serve as the bench mark for Ghana if Ghana is to make any progress in the health sector. Energy companies must employ Wilkinson’s economic democracy to help solve the problem of income differentials in order to bridge the gap between the ‘‘haves’’ and the ‘‘have nots’’ in society. If the energy companies are able to do this in partnership with the Ghana government in transparency and accountability without signing any contract in secrecy, Ghana will surely become the ‘Norway of Africa’ and will be a model for others to learn from.

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